Cibiyar Kwarewa don Kayayyakin Kariya da Kayayyaki (CEPEM), 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Kanada
Yi amfani da hanyar haɗin da ke ƙasa don raba cikakken sigar wannan labarin tare da abokanka da abokan aiki.kara koyo.
Hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da shawarar cewa al'ummomi su yi amfani da abin rufe fuska don rage yaduwar cututtukan iska kamar COVID-19.Lokacin da abin rufe fuska yayi aiki azaman matattara mai inganci, za a rage yaduwar ƙwayar cuta, don haka yana da mahimmanci don kimanta ingancin tacewa (PFE) na mashin.Koyaya, tsadar farashi da tsawon lokacin jagorar da ke da alaƙa da siyan tsarin PFE na maɓalli ko ɗaukar hayar dakin gwaje-gwaje na hana gwajin kayan tacewa.Akwai a fili buƙatar tsarin gwaji na PFE "na musamman;duk da haka, ma'auni daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da izinin gwajin PFE na abin rufe fuska (misali, ASTM International, NIOSH) sun bambanta sosai a cikin tsabtar ƙa'idodi da jagororinsu.Anan, an bayyana haɓakar tsarin “na ciki” PFE da kuma hanyar don gwajin masks a cikin mahallin madaidaicin abin rufe fuska na yanzu.Dangane da ka'idodin ASTM na kasa da kasa, tsarin yana amfani da sassan latex (0.1 µm na girman girman girman) aerosols kuma yana amfani da na'urar nazarin kwayar cutar Laser don auna ƙwayar barbashi sama da ƙasa na abin rufe fuska.Yi ma'aunin PFE akan masana'anta na gama gari daban-daban da abin rufe fuska na likita.Hanyar da aka bayyana a cikin wannan aikin ya dace da ka'idodin gwajin PFE na yanzu, yayin da yake ba da sassauci don daidaitawa ga canje-canjen buƙatu da yanayin tacewa.
Hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da shawarar cewa jama'a su sanya abin rufe fuska don iyakance yaduwar COVID-19 da sauran cututtukan da ke haifar da digo da iska.[1] Bukatar sanya abin rufe fuska yana da tasiri wajen rage watsawa, kuma [2] yana nuna cewa abin rufe fuska na al'umma da ba a gwada ba yana ba da tacewa mai amfani.A zahiri, binciken ƙirar ƙira ya nuna cewa raguwar watsawar COVID-19 kusan ya yi daidai da samfuran haɗin gwiwar tasirin abin rufe fuska da ƙimar tallafi, kuma waɗannan da sauran matakan tushen yawan jama'a suna da tasirin haɗin gwiwa wajen rage asibitoci da mutuwa.[3]
Adadin ingantattun abin rufe fuska na likitanci da na'urorin numfashi da ake buƙata na kiwon lafiya da sauran ma'aikatan layin gaba sun ƙaru sosai, suna haifar da ƙalubale ga masana'antu da sarƙoƙi na samarwa, da kuma haifar da sabbin masana'anta da sauri gwadawa da tabbatar da sabbin kayan.Ƙungiyoyi irin su ASTM International da Cibiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NIOSH) sun ɓullo da daidaitattun hanyoyi don gwada abin rufe fuska;duk da haka, cikakkun bayanai na waɗannan hanyoyin sun bambanta sosai, kuma kowace ƙungiya ta kafa nata matakan aiki.
Ingantaccen tacewa (PFE) shine mafi mahimmancin halayen abin rufe fuska saboda yana da alaƙa da ikonta na tace ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar aerosols.Masks na likita dole ne su hadu da takamaiman maƙasudin PFE[4-6] don samun ƙwararrun hukumomin gudanarwa kamar ASTM International ko NIOSH.Mashin tiyata yana da takaddun shaida ta ASTM, kuma N95 masu aikin numfashi NIOSH ne ya tabbatar da su, amma duka abin rufe fuska dole ne su wuce takamaiman ƙimar yankewar PFE.Misali, N95 masks dole ne su cimma 95% tacewa don aerosols wanda ya ƙunshi barbashi gishiri tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin diamita na 0.075 µm, yayin da ASTM 2100 L3 masks na tiyata dole ne su cimma tacewa 98% don aerosols wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwallan latex tare da matsakaicin diamita na 0.1 µm Filter. .
Zaɓuɓɓuka biyu na farko suna da tsada (> $ 1,000 a kowane samfurin gwaji, an kiyasta su zama> $ 150,000 don ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki), kuma yayin bala'in COVID-19, ana samun jinkiri saboda tsawon lokacin isarwa da abubuwan wadata.Babban tsadar gwajin PFE da iyakance haƙƙin samun dama-haɗe tare da ƙarancin jagorar daidaitacce akan daidaitattun kimantawa na aiki-ya jagoranci masu bincike yin amfani da nau'ikan tsarin gwaji na musamman, waɗanda galibi suna dogara ne akan ɗaya ko fiye ma'auni don ƙwararrun mashin lafiya.
Kayan gwajin kayan masarufi na musamman da aka samu a cikin adabin da ke akwai yawanci yayi kama da ka'idodin NIOSH ko ASTM F2100/F2299 da aka ambata a sama.Koyaya, masu bincike suna da damar zaɓar ko canza ƙira ko sigogin aiki gwargwadon abubuwan da suke so.Misali, an yi amfani da canje-canje a cikin saurin saman samfurin, yawan kwararar iska/aerosol, girman samfurin (yanki), da kuma abubuwan da ake kira aerosol.Yawancin karatu na baya-bayan nan sun yi amfani da kayan aiki na musamman don kimanta kayan abin rufe fuska.Waɗannan kayan aikin suna amfani da aerosols na sodium chloride kuma suna kusa da ƙa'idodin NIOSH.Misali, Rogak et al.(2020), Zangmeister et al.(2020), Drunic et al.(2020) da Joo et al.(2021) Duk kayan aikin da aka gina za su samar da sodium chloride aerosol (masu girma dabam), wanda aka cire shi ta hanyar cajin lantarki, an diluted tare da iska mai tacewa kuma an aika zuwa samfurin kayan, inda mai siyar da kayan aikin gani, ɓangarori daban-daban na ma'aunin haɗe-haɗe. 14-16] Konda et al.(2020) da Hao et al.(2020) An gina irin wannan na'ura, amma ba a haɗa da na'ura mai ba da wutar lantarki ba.[8, 17] A cikin waɗannan karatun, saurin iska a cikin samfurin ya bambanta tsakanin 1 da 90 L min-1 (wani lokaci don gano tasirin gudu / saurin gudu);duk da haka, saurin saman ya kasance tsakanin 5.3 da 25 cm s-1 tsakanin.Girman samfurin da alama yana bambanta tsakanin ≈3.4 da 59 cm2.
Akasin haka, akwai ƴan karatu kan kimanta kayan rufe fuska ta hanyar kayan aiki ta amfani da aerosol na latex, wanda ke kusa da ma'aunin ASTM F2100/F2299.Misali, Bagheri et al.(2021), Shakya et al.(2016) da Lu et al.(2020) Gina na'ura don samar da polystyrene latex aerosol, wanda aka diluted da aika zuwa kayan samfuri, inda daban-daban barbashi analyzers ko Ana dubawa motsi barbashi size analyzers aka yi amfani da su auna barbashi taro.[18-20] Da Lu et al.An yi amfani da wani cajin neutralizer a ƙasa na janareta aerosol, kuma marubutan sauran binciken biyu ba su yi ba.Yawan kwararar iska a cikin samfurin shima ya canza kadan-amma a cikin iyakokin ma'aunin F2299-daga ≈7.3 zuwa 19 L min-1.Gudun saman saman iska wanda Bagheri et al yayi nazari.shine 2 da 10 cm s–1 (a cikin daidaitaccen kewayon), bi da bi.Kuma Lu et al., da Shakya et al.[18-20] Bugu da ƙari, marubucin da Shakya et al.spheres latex da aka gwada masu girma dabam dabam (watau gabaɗaya, 20nm zuwa 2500 nm).Kuma Lu et al.Aƙalla a wasu gwaje-gwajen su, suna amfani da ƙayyadadden girman ɓangarorin 100 nm (0.1 µm).
A cikin wannan aikin, mun bayyana ƙalubalen da muke fuskanta wajen ƙirƙirar na'urar PFE wacce ta dace da matsayin ASTM F2100/F2299 da ake da su gwargwadon yiwuwa.Daga cikin manyan mashahuran ma'auni (watau NIOSH da ASTM F2100/F2299), ma'aunin ASTM yana ba da mafi girman sassauci a cikin sigogi (kamar yawan kwararar iska) don nazarin aikin tacewa wanda zai iya shafar PFE a cikin abin rufe fuska ba na likita ba.Duk da haka, kamar yadda muka nuna, wannan sassauci yana ba da ƙarin matakin rikitarwa wajen tsara irin waɗannan kayan aiki.
An sayi sinadarai daga Sigma-Aldrich kuma an yi amfani da su kamar yadda yake.Styrene monomer (≥99%) an tsarkake shi ta hanyar gilashin ginshiƙi mai ɗauke da abin cirewa mai hana alumina, wanda aka tsara don cire tert-butylcatechol.Ruwan da aka lalata (≈0.037 µS cm-1) ya fito ne daga tsarin tsaftace ruwa na Sartorius Arium.
100% auduga plain saƙa (Muslin CT) tare da maras nauyi na 147 gm-2 ya zo daga Veratex Lining Ltd., QC, da bamboo / spandex saje ya fito daga D. Zinman Textiles, QC.Sauran kayan abin rufe fuska na ɗan takara sun fito daga dillalan masana'anta na gida (Fabricland).Waɗannan kayan sun haɗa da yadudduka guda biyu daban-daban na 100% na auduga (tare da kwafi daban-daban), masana'anta guda ɗaya auduga / spandex saƙa, yadudduka biyu na auduga / polyester (ɗayan "duniya" ɗaya da ɗaya "sweater masana'anta") da Auduga mara saƙa / polypropylene gauraye. auduga batting kayan.Table 1 yana nuna taƙaitaccen sanannun kaddarorin masana'anta.Don tantance sabbin kayan aikin, an sami ƙwararrun mashin ɗin likitanci daga asibitocin gida, gami da ASTM 2100 Level 2 (L2) da Level 3 (L3; Halyard) ƙwararrun mashin lafiya da masu ba da numfashi na N95 (3M).
An yanke samfurin madauwari na kusan 85 mm diamita daga kowane abu da za a gwada;ba a ƙara yin gyare-gyare ga kayan (misali, wanka).Maƙe madauki masana'anta a cikin abin riƙe da samfurin na'urar PFE don gwaji.Ainihin diamita na samfurin a lamba tare da iska yana da 73 mm, kuma ana amfani da sauran kayan da aka yi amfani da su don daidaita samfurin.Don abin rufe fuska da aka haɗa, gefen da ya taɓa fuska yana nesa da iska na kayan da aka kawo.
Haɗin gwiwar monodispersse anionic polystyrene latex spheres ta emulsion polymerization.Dangane da hanyar da aka bayyana a cikin binciken da ya gabata, an aiwatar da martani a cikin yanayin juzu'i na yunwar monomer.[21, 22] Ƙara ruwa mai narkewa (160 ml) zuwa 250 ml zagaye na ƙasa mai wuyansa uku kuma sanya shi a cikin wankan mai mai motsawa.Daga nan sai aka wanke flask ɗin da nitrogen kuma an saka styrene monomer mara hana hanawa (2.1 ml) a cikin flask ɗin da aka goge.Bayan minti 10 a 70 ° C, ƙara sodium lauryl sulfate (0.235 g) wanda aka narkar da shi a cikin ruwa mai tsabta (8 ml).Bayan wani minti 5, an ƙara potassium persulfate (0.5 g) wanda aka narkar da shi a cikin ruwa mai narkewa (2 ml).A cikin sa'o'i 5 masu zuwa, yi amfani da famfon sirinji don a hankali ƙara ƙarin sitirene mara hanawa (20 ml) cikin flask a ƙimar 66 µL min-1.Bayan an kammala jiko na styrene, abin da ya faru ya ci gaba har tsawon sa'o'i 17.Sa'an nan kuma an buɗe gilashin kuma an sanyaya don kawo karshen polymerization.Haɗaɗɗen emulsion na latex na polystyrene an yi dialyzed a kan ruwan da aka lalatar a cikin bututun dialysis na SnakeSkin (yanke nauyin nauyin kwayoyin halitta 3500) na tsawon kwanaki biyar, kuma ana maye gurbin ruwan da aka lalata kowace rana.Cire emulsion daga bututun dialysis kuma adana shi a cikin firiji a 4 ° C har sai an yi amfani da shi.
An yi watsewar haske mai ƙarfi (DLS) tare da mai nazari na Brookhaven 90Plus, tsayin laser shine 659 nm, kuma kusurwar ganowa shine 90°.Yi amfani da ginanniyar software na warware ɓarna (v2.6; Brookhaven Instruments Corporation) don nazarin bayanan.Ana diluted dakatarwar latex da ruwa mai narkewa har sai adadin barbashi ya kai kirga dubu 500 a sakan daya (kcps).An ƙaddara girman barbashi don zama 125 ± 3 nm, kuma polydispersity da aka ruwaito shine 0.289 ± 0.006.
A ZetaPlus zeta m analyzer (Brookhaven Instruments Corp.) an yi amfani da shi don samun ma'aunin ƙima na yuwuwar zeta a cikin yanayin watsa haske na nazarin lokaci.An shirya samfurin ta ƙara aliquot na latex zuwa 5 × 10-3m NaCl bayani da kuma sake diluting dakatarwar latex don cimma adadin barbashi na kusan 500 kcps.An yi ma'auni biyar da aka maimaita (kowane wanda ya ƙunshi 30 gudu), wanda ya haifar da ƙimar zeta na -55.1 ± 2.8 mV, inda kuskuren yana wakiltar daidaitattun ma'auni na matsakaicin ƙimar maimaita biyar.Waɗannan ma'aunai suna nuna cewa ana cajin barbashi mara kyau kuma suna samar da tsayayyen dakatarwa.Za a iya samun yuwuwar bayanan DLS da zeta a cikin teburin bayanai masu goyan bayan S2 da S3.
Mun gina kayan aiki daidai da ka'idojin ASTM na kasa da kasa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a kasa kuma aka nuna a cikin Hoto 1. Ana amfani da janareta aerosol mai jet Blaustein guda ɗaya (BLAM; CHTech) don samar da iska mai ɗauke da ƙwallo.Rafin da aka tace (wanda aka samu ta hanyar GE Healthcare Whatman 0.3 µm HEPA-CAP da 0.2 μm POLYCAP TF masu tacewa a cikin jerin) yana shiga janareta na aerosol a matsa lamba na 20 psi (6.9 kPa) kuma ya daidaita wani yanki na 5 MG L-1 dakatarwa Ana allurar ruwa a cikin ƙwallon latex na kayan aiki ta hanyar famfon sirinji (KD Scientific Model 100).Ana bushe barbashi da aka yi da iska ta hanyar wucewar ruwan iska da ke barin janareta ta cikin na'urar musayar zafi.Mai musayar zafi ya ƙunshi rauni na bakin karfe 5/8” tare da nada dumama mai tsawon ƙafa 8.Sakamakon shine 216 W (BriskHeat).Dangane da bugun kiran sa na daidaitacce, an saita fitarwar hita zuwa 40% na matsakaicin ƙimar na'urar (≈86 W);wannan yana samar da matsakaicin zafin jiki na bangon waje na 112 ° C (daidaitacce ≈1 ° C), wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar ma'aunin thermocouple (Taylor USA).Hoto S4 a cikin bayanan tallafi yana taƙaita aikin dumama.
Ana hada busassun ƙwayoyin atomized tare da babban ƙarar iska mai tacewa don cimma jimlar yawan kwararar iska na 28.3 L min-1 (wato ƙafar cubic 1 a minti daya).An zaɓi wannan ƙimar ne saboda daidaitaccen ƙimar kayan aikin na'urar tantance ƙwayoyin laser da ke yin samfurin ƙasa na tsarin.Ana aika rafin iska mai ɗauke da ɓangarorin latex zuwa ɗayan ɗakuna guda biyu iri ɗaya na tsaye (watau bututun bakin karfe mai santsi mai santsi): ɗakin “sarrafawa” ba tare da kayan abin rufe fuska ba, ko madaidaicin yanke “samfurin” ɗakin da za a iya cirewa Mai ɗaukar samfurin. an saka a waje da masana'anta.Diamita na ciki na ɗakunan biyu shine 73 mm, wanda yayi daidai da diamita na ciki na mariƙin samfurin.Mai mariƙin samfurin yana amfani da zoben da aka tsinke da ƙugiya don ƙulla abin rufe fuska sosai, sannan saka madaidaicin madaidaicin cikin ratar ɗakin samfurin, sannan a rufe shi sosai a cikin na'urar tare da gaskets na roba da matsi (Hoto S2, bayanan tallafi).
Diamita na samfurin masana'anta a lamba tare da iska shine 73 mm (yanki = 41.9 cm2);an rufe shi a cikin dakin samfurin yayin gwajin.Gudun iskar da ke barin ɗakin "sarrafa" ko "samfurin" ana canjawa wuri zuwa na'urar nazarin kwayoyin laser (tsarin ma'auni LASAIR III 110) don auna lamba da ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin latex.Mai nazarin barbashi yana ƙayyadad da iyakoki na ƙasa da na sama na ƙaddamar da barbashi, bi da bi 2 × 10-4 da ≈34 barbashi a kowace ƙafar mai siffar sukari (7 da ≈950 000 barbashi a kowace ƙafar mai siffar sukari).Don auna ma'auni na ƙwayar latex, ana ba da rahoton ƙaddamarwar barbashi a cikin "akwatin" tare da ƙananan iyaka da iyaka na sama na 0.10-0.15 µm, daidai da girman ma'auni na ƙwayoyin latex guda ɗaya a cikin aerosol.Duk da haka, ana iya amfani da wasu masu girma dabam, kuma ana iya ƙididdige bins da yawa a lokaci guda, tare da matsakaicin girman 5 µm.
Har ila yau, kayan aikin sun haɗa da wasu kayan aiki, irin su kayan aiki don zubar da ɗakin da kuma na'urar nazari mai tsabta tare da iska mai tsabta, da kuma bawuloli da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci (Figure 1).Ana nuna cikakken zane-zane na bututu da kayan aiki a cikin Hoto S1 da Tebu S1 na bayanan tallafi.
A lokacin gwajin, an yi allurar dakatarwar latex a cikin janareta na aerosol a ƙimar kwarara na ≈60 zuwa 100 µL min-1 don kiyaye ingantaccen fitowar barbashi, kusan barbashi 14-25 a kowace centimita cubic (400 000-kowane cubic santimita) 700 000 barbashi).Kafa) a cikin kwano mai girman 0.10-0.15 µm.Ana buƙatar wannan kewayon adadin kwarara saboda canje-canjen da aka lura a cikin tattarawar ƙwayoyin latex a ƙasan janareta na aerosol, waɗanda za a iya danganta su da canje-canjen adadin dakatarwar latex da tarkon ruwa na janareta na aerosol ya kama.
Domin auna PFE na samfurin masana'anta da aka ba, ana fara canja wurin barbashin latex aerosol ta cikin dakin sarrafawa sannan a tura shi zuwa mai nazarin barbashi.Ci gaba da auna ma'auni na ɓangarorin guda uku a jere cikin sauri, kowannensu yana ɗaukar minti ɗaya.Mai nazarin barbashi yana ba da rahoton matsakaicin matsakaicin lokaci na barbashi yayin bincike, wato, matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin minti ɗaya (28.3 L) na samfurin.Bayan ɗaukar waɗannan ma'aunai na asali don tabbatar da ƙididdigar barbashi da ƙimar iskar gas, ana tura aerosol zuwa ɗakin samfurin.Da zarar tsarin ya kai ga daidaito (yawanci 60-90 seconds), ana ɗaukar wasu ma'auni guda uku a jere a jere cikin sauri.Wadannan ma'auni na samfurin suna wakiltar ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin da ke wucewa ta samfurin masana'anta.Daga baya, ta hanyar rarrabuwar kwararar aerosol zuwa ɗakin sarrafawa, an ɗauki wani ma'aunin tattarawar barbashi guda uku daga ɗakin sarrafawa don tabbatar da cewa ƙaddamarwar barbashi na sama bai canza sosai ba yayin duk aikin tantancewar samfurin.Tun da zane na ɗakunan guda biyu iri ɗaya ne - sai dai cewa ɗakin samfurin zai iya ɗaukar nauyin samfurin - yanayin yanayin gudana a cikin ɗakin za a iya la'akari da shi, don haka ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin da ke cikin gas yana barin ɗakin sarrafawa da ɗakin samfurin. za a iya kwatanta.
Don kula da rayuwar kayan aikin nazarin kwayoyin halitta da kuma cire barbashi aerosol a cikin tsarin tsakanin kowane gwaji, yi amfani da jet ɗin iska mai tace HEPA don tsaftace mai nazarin kwayoyin bayan kowane ma'auni, kuma tsaftace ɗakin samfurin kafin canza samfurori.Da fatan za a koma zuwa Hoto S1 a cikin bayanan tallafi don zane-zane na tsarin zubar da iska akan na'urar PFE.
Wannan lissafin yana wakiltar ma'aunin PFE guda ɗaya "maimaita" don samfurin abu ɗaya kuma yana daidai da lissafin PFE a cikin ASTM F2299 (Equation (2)).
Abubuwan da aka zayyana a cikin §2.1 an ƙalubalanci su tare da latex aerosols ta amfani da kayan aikin PFE da aka bayyana a cikin §2.3 don tantance dacewarsu azaman kayan rufe fuska.Hoto na 2 yana nuna karatun da aka samu daga mai nazarin taro, kuma ana auna ƙimar PFE na yadudduka da kayan batting a lokaci guda.An yi nazarin samfurori guda uku don jimlar kayan biyu da maimaita shida.Babu shakka, karatun farko a cikin jeri na karatu guda uku (mai inuwa da launin haske) yawanci ya bambanta da sauran karatun biyun.Misali, karatun farko ya bambanta da matsakaicin sauran karatun biyu a cikin 12-15 sau uku a cikin hoto 2 da fiye da 5%.Wannan abin lura yana da alaƙa da ma'auni na iska mai ɗauke da aerosol da ke gudana ta cikin na'urar nazari.Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin Materials da Hanyoyi, an yi amfani da karatun ma'auni (iko na biyu da na uku da samfurin samfurin) don yin lissafin PFE a cikin duhu blue da ja a cikin hoto 2, bi da bi.Gabaɗaya, matsakaicin ƙimar PFE na kwafin uku shine 78% ± 2% don masana'anta na suttura da 74% ± 2% don kayan batting auduga.
Don tantance aikin tsarin, ASTM 2100 ƙwararrun mashin ɗin likitanci (L2, L3) da NIOSH respirators (N95) an kuma tantance su.Ma'aunin ASTM F2100 yana saita ingancin tacewa na sub-micron na barbashi 0.1 μm na matakin 2 da matakin 3 don zama ≥ 95% da ≥ 98%, bi da bi.[5] Hakazalika, NIOSH-certified N95 respirators dole ne su nuna ingantaccen tacewa na ≥95% don atomized NaCl nanoparticles tare da matsakaicin diamita na 0.075 µm.[24] Rengasamy et al.Dangane da rahotanni, irin abubuwan rufe fuska na N95 suna nuna ƙimar PFE na 99.84% –99.98%, [25] Zangmeister et al.Dangane da rahotanni, N95 nasu yana samar da mafi ƙarancin ingancin tacewa fiye da 99.9%, [14] yayin da Joo et al.Dangane da rahotanni, 3M N95 masks sun samar da 99% na PFE (300 nm barbashi), [16] da Hao et al.N95 PFE (300 nm barbashi) da aka ruwaito shine 94.4%.[17] Ga mashin N95 guda biyu wanda Shakya et al.tare da 0.1 µm ƙwallan latex, PFE ya faɗi kusan tsakanin 80% da 100%.[19] Lokacin da Lu et al.Yin amfani da ƙwallan latex na girman iri ɗaya don kimanta abin rufe fuska na N95, an ba da rahoton matsakaicin PFE zuwa 93.8%.[20] Sakamakon da aka samu ta amfani da kayan aikin da aka kwatanta a cikin wannan aikin ya nuna cewa PFE na N95 mask shine 99.2 ± 0.1%, wanda ke da kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da yawancin karatun da suka gabata.
Hakanan an gwada abin rufe fuska a cikin bincike da yawa.Masks na tiyata na Hao et al.ya nuna wani PFE (300 nm barbashi) na 73.4%, [17] yayin da masks na tiyata guda uku da Drewnick et al.An samar da PFE daga kusan 60% zuwa kusan 100%.[15] (Mask ɗin na ƙarshe na iya zama ƙirar ƙira.) Koyaya, Zangmeister et al.A cewar rahotanni, mafi ƙarancin ingancin tacewa na mashin tiyata guda biyu da aka gwada ya ɗan fi sama da kashi 30%, [14] ƙasa da abin rufe fuska da aka gwada a wannan binciken.Hakazalika, "mask ɗin tiyata blue" wanda Joo et al ya gwada.Tabbatar cewa PFE (300 nm barbashi) shine kawai 22%.[16] Shakya et al.ya ruwaito cewa PFE na masks na tiyata (ta amfani da 0.1 μm latex barbashi) ya ragu da kusan 60-80%.[19] Yin amfani da ƙwallan latex masu girman iri ɗaya, abin rufe fuska na Lu et al. ya haifar da matsakaicin sakamakon PFE na 80.2%.[20] A kwatanta, PFE na mu L2 mask shine 94.2 ± 0.6%, kuma PFE na L3 mask shine 94.9 ± 0.3%.Kodayake waɗannan PFEs sun zarce PFE da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen, dole ne mu lura cewa kusan babu matakin takaddun shaida da aka ambata a cikin binciken da ya gabata, kuma masks ɗin mu na tiyata sun sami takardar shedar matakin 2 da matakin 3.
Kamar yadda aka yi nazarin kayan abin rufe fuska na ɗan takarar a cikin Hoto 2, an yi gwaje-gwaje uku akan sauran kayan shida don tantance dacewarsu a cikin abin rufe fuska da kuma nuna aikin na'urar PFE.Hoto 3 yana tsara ƙimar PFE na duk kayan da aka gwada kuma yana kwatanta su da ƙimar PFE waɗanda aka samu ta hanyar kimanta takaddun L3 da kayan masarufi N95.Daga 11 masks / kayan abin rufe fuska na ɗan takara da aka zaɓa don wannan aikin, ana iya ganin nau'ikan ayyukan PFE a sarari, kama daga ≈10% zuwa kusa da 100%, daidai da sauran karatun, [8, 9, 15] da masu siffantawa masana'antu. Babu bayyanannen dangantaka tsakanin PFE da PFE.Misali, kayan da ke da irin wannan abun da ke ciki (samfurin 100% na auduga guda biyu da muslin auduga) suna nuna ƙimar PFE daban-daban (14%, 54%, da 13%, bi da bi).Amma yana da mahimmanci cewa ƙananan aikin (misali, 100% auduga A; PFE ≈ 14%), matsakaicin aiki (misali, 70%/30% auduga / polyester saje; PFE ≈ 49%) da babban aiki (misali, Swetter Fabric; PFE ≈ 78%) Za a iya gano masana'anta a fili ta amfani da kayan aikin PFE da aka bayyana a cikin wannan aikin.Musamman yadudduka da kayan batting na auduga sun yi kyau sosai, tare da PFEs daga 70% zuwa 80%.Irin waɗannan kayan aiki masu girma za a iya ganowa da kuma bincika su dalla-dalla don fahimtar halayen da ke ba da gudummawa ga babban aikin tacewa.Koyaya, muna so mu tunatar da cewa saboda sakamakon PFE na kayan da ke da kwatancen masana'antu iri ɗaya (watau kayan auduga) sun bambanta sosai, waɗannan bayanan ba su nuna waɗanne kayan da ke da amfani sosai ga abin rufe fuska ba, kuma ba mu da niyyar infer kaddarorin- nau'ikan kayan abu.Dangantakar aiki.Muna ba da takamaiman misalai don nuna daidaitawa, nuna cewa ma'aunin ya ƙunshi duka kewayon yuwuwar ingancin tacewa, da ba da girman kuskuren auna.
Mun sami waɗannan sakamakon PFE don tabbatar da cewa kayan aikinmu suna da nauyin ma'auni mai yawa, ƙananan kuskure, kuma idan aka kwatanta da bayanan da aka samu a cikin wallafe-wallafe.Misali, Zangmeister et al.Sakamakon PFE na yadudduka na auduga da yawa (misali "Auduga 1-11") ( zaren 89 zuwa 812 a kowane inch) an ruwaito.A cikin 9 na kayan 11, "mafi ƙarancin ingancin tacewa" ya fito daga 0% zuwa 25%;PFE na sauran kayan biyu shine kusan 32%.[14] Hakazalika, Konda et al.Bayanan PFE na yadudduka guda biyu (80 da 600 TPI; 153 da 152 gm-2) an ruwaito.PFE ya bambanta daga 7% zuwa 36% da 65% zuwa 85%, bi da bi.A cikin binciken Drewnick et al., A cikin masana'anta na auduga guda ɗaya (watau auduga, saƙa auduga, moleton; 139-265 TPI; 80-140 gm-2), kewayon kayan PFE kusan 10% zuwa 30%.A cikin nazarin Joo et al., 100% kayan auduga suna da PFE na 8% (300 nm barbashi).Bagheri et al.An yi amfani da barbashi na latex na polystyrene na 0.3 zuwa 0.5 µm.An auna PFE na kayan auduga shida (120-200 TPI; 136-237 gm-2), jere daga 0% zuwa 20%.[18] Saboda haka, yawancin waɗannan kayan suna cikin kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da sakamakon PFE na masana'anta guda uku (watau Veratex Muslin CT, Fabric Store Cottos A da B), kuma matsakaicin ingancin tacewa shine 13%, 14% kuma bi da bi.54%.Waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa akwai manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin kayan auduga da kuma cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da babban PFE (watau Konda et al.'s 600 TPI auduga; audugar mu B) ba a fahimta sosai.
Lokacin yin waɗannan kwatancen, mun yarda cewa yana da wahala a sami kayan da aka gwada a cikin wallafe-wallafen waɗanda ke da halaye iri ɗaya (watau abubuwan da aka haɗa, saƙa da saƙa, TPI, nauyi, da sauransu) tare da kayan da aka gwada a cikin wannan binciken, kuma don haka ba za a iya kwatanta kai tsaye ba.Bugu da ƙari, bambance-bambance a cikin kayan aikin da marubutan suka yi amfani da su da kuma rashin daidaituwa ya sa ya zama da wuya a yi kwatanta mai kyau.Duk da haka, a bayyane yake cewa ba a fahimci aikin / aiki na masana'anta na yau da kullun ba.Za a ƙara gwada kayan tare da daidaitattun kayan aiki, masu sassauƙa da abin dogara (kamar kayan aikin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan aikin) don ƙayyade waɗannan alaƙa.
Kodayake akwai kuskuren ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga (0-5%) tsakanin kwafi guda ɗaya (0-4%) da samfuran da aka bincika a cikin sau uku, kayan aikin da aka gabatar a cikin wannan aikin sun tabbatar da zama kayan aiki mai inganci don gwada PFE na kayan daban-daban.Yadudduka na yau da kullun zuwa abin rufe fuska na likita.Ya kamata a lura cewa daga cikin kayan 11 da aka gwada don Hoto 3, kuskuren yadawa σprop ya wuce daidaitattun daidaituwa tsakanin ma'auni na PFE na samfurin guda ɗaya, wato, σsd na 9 daga cikin 11 kayan;waɗannan keɓancewar biyu suna faruwa a ƙimar PFE mai girma sosai (watau L2 da abin rufe fuska L3).Kodayake sakamakon da Rengasamy et al.Nuna cewa bambanci tsakanin samfuran maimaitawa kaɗan ne (watau maimaitawa biyar <0.29%), [25] sun yi nazarin kayan aiki tare da sanannun kaddarorin tacewa waɗanda aka tsara musamman don masana'antar abin rufe fuska: kayan da kansa na iya zama iri ɗaya, kuma gwajin kuma Wannan shine. yanki na kewayon PFE na iya zama mafi daidaituwa.Gabaɗaya, sakamakon da aka samu ta amfani da kayan aikinmu ya yi daidai da bayanan PFE da ƙa'idodin takaddun shaida da wasu masu bincike suka samu.
Kodayake PFE alama ce mai mahimmanci don auna aikin abin rufe fuska, a wannan lokacin dole ne mu tunatar da masu karatu cewa cikakken bincike game da kayan abin rufe fuska na gaba dole ne suyi la'akari da wasu dalilai, wato, haɓakar kayan aiki (wato, ta hanyar jujjuyawar matsa lamba ko gwajin gwaji daban-daban). ).Akwai dokoki a cikin ASTM F2100 da F3502.Karɓar numfashi yana da mahimmanci don ta'aziyyar mai sawa da hana zubar da abin rufe fuska yayin numfashi.Tunda yanayin PFE da iska na yawancin kayan gama gari yawanci yawanci sun bambanta, yakamata a yi ma'aunin juzu'in matsa lamba tare da ma'aunin PFE don ƙarin kimanta aikin kayan abin rufe fuska.
Muna ba da shawarar cewa jagororin gina kayan aikin PFE daidai da ASTM F2299 suna da mahimmanci don ci gaba da haɓaka ƙa'idodi, ƙirƙira bayanan bincike waɗanda za a iya kwatanta su tsakanin dakunan gwaje-gwajen bincike, da haɓaka tacewar iska.Dogaro kawai akan ma'aunin NIOSH (ko F3502), wanda ke ƙayyadaddun na'ura guda ɗaya (TSI 8130A) kuma ta hana masu bincike siyan na'urorin maɓalli (misali, tsarin TSI).Dogaro da daidaitattun tsarin kamar TSI 8130A yana da mahimmanci don takaddun shaida na yanzu, amma yana iyakance haɓakar abubuwan rufe fuska, masu ɗaukar numfashi, da sauran fasahohin tacewa aerosol waɗanda ke cin karo da ci gaban bincike.Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa an haɓaka ma'aunin NIOSH azaman hanyar gwajin masu numfashi a ƙarƙashin matsanancin yanayin da ake tsammanin lokacin da ake buƙatar wannan kayan aikin, amma akasin haka, ana gwada mashin ɗin tiyata ta hanyoyin ASTM F2100/F2299.Siffa da salon abin rufe fuska na al'umma sun fi kama da abin rufe fuska, wanda baya nufin suna da ingantaccen aikin tacewa kamar N95.Idan har yanzu ana kimanta abin rufe fuska na tiyata daidai da ASTM F2100/F2299, yakamata a bincika masana'anta na yau da kullun ta amfani da hanyar kusa da ASTM F2100/F2299.Bugu da ƙari, ASTM F2299 yana ba da damar ƙarin sassauƙa a cikin sigogi daban-daban (kamar yawan kwararar iska da saurin saman ƙasa a cikin nazarin ingancin tacewa), wanda zai iya sa ya zama ma'auni mafi girma a cikin yanayin bincike.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-30-2021